A battery is one of the batteries. Its function is to store limited electrical energy and use it in a suitable place. It works by converting chemical energy into electrical energy.
It uses a lead plate filled with sponge lead as a negative electrode, a lead plate filled with lead dioxide as a positive electrode, and 22 to 28% of dilute sulfuric acid as an electrolyte. When charging, electrical energy is converted into chemical energy, which is converted into electrical energy when discharged. When the battery is discharged, the metal lead is a negative electrode, which undergoes an oxidation reaction and is oxidized to lead sulfate; the lead dioxide is a positive electrode, and a reduction reaction occurs, and is reduced to lead sulfate. When the battery is charged by direct current, the two poles respectively produce lead and lead dioxide. After removing the power supply, it returns to the state before discharge to form a chemical battery. A lead storage battery is a battery that can be repeatedly charged and discharged, and is called a secondary battery. Its voltage is 2V, usually three series of lead batteries are used in series, the voltage is 6V. The car uses six lead batteries in series to form a 12V battery pack. The lead storage battery should be supplemented with distilled water after a period of use to keep the electrolyte containing 22-28% of dilute sulfuric acid.
When discharging, the electrode reaction is: PbO2 + 4H+ + SO42- + 2e- = PbSO4 + 2H2O
Negative reaction: Pb + SO42- - 2e- = PbSO4
Total reaction: PbO2 + Pb + 2H2SO4 === 2PbSO4 + 2H2O (reaction to the right is discharge, reaction to the left is charge)
Battery application
Lead-acid battery products mainly have the following types, and their uses are as follows:
Starter type battery: mainly used for starting and lighting of automobiles, motorcycles, tractors, diesel engines, etc.;
Fixed battery: mainly used for communication, power plant, computer system as a backup power source for protection and automatic control;
Traction type battery: mainly used for various battery vehicles, forklifts, forklifts and other power sources;
Railway battery: mainly used for railway diesel locomotives, electric locomotives, passenger car starting, lighting power;
Storage battery: It is mainly used for electric energy storage for power generation such as wind power and solar energy ;
The main components of the lead storage battery are as follows: Anode plate (lead peroxide. PbO2)---> Active material cathode plate (sponge lead. Pb) ---> Active material electrolyte (dilute sulfuric acid) ---> Sulfuric acid ( H2SO4) + water (H2O) battery case isolation board other (liquid port plug. cover, etc.)
1. Battery use error
1.1 Battery charge capacity does not match the engine
Reasonable selection of the charge capacity of the battery according to the type of engine and the conditions of use is one of the important ways to improve the economy of the battery and prolong its service life. When the starter starts the engine, the battery output current is very large, generally 150A-200A, and the output current is as high as 250A-300A when starting at low temperature (-10°C). If the charge capacity of the battery does not match the engine and the charge capacity of the battery is too small, when the starting resistance is large, the battery with a small charge capacity will accelerate the reaction of the active material with sulfuric acid per unit time under the condition of severe discharge, so that the temperature of the battery rises. High, the plate is bent due to overload, resulting in a large amount of active material falling off, the early damage of the plate, so that the battery life is greatly shortened. If the charge capacity of the battery is too large, the above problem does not occur, but the active material cannot be fully utilized, and the battery economy is lowered. Therefore, the charge capacity of the battery must match the engine. Usually, the choice of battery charge capacity should be based on the starter power, voltage and the load of the electrical equipment.
1.2 battery parallel mixing
Some drivers use a fully charged battery in parallel when starting the engine because the original battery is not fully charged. In fact, a fully charged battery in parallel will charge a battery with insufficient storage current with a large charging current, which will easily cause the active material of the plate to fall off and affect its service life. At the same time, after the batteries are connected in parallel, it can not provide a large starting current to the starter, which is not conducive to the starting of the engine. The correct method should be to remove the battery with insufficient storage, replace it with a fully charged battery, and then start the engine.
1.3 battery serial mixing
In the use of batteries, there are occasions when new and old batteries are used in series. However, this practice will shorten the service life of the battery. Because there are many chemical reaction materials in the new battery, the terminal voltage is high, and the internal resistance is small (the internal resistance of the new 12V battery is only 0.015-0.018Ω); while the old battery terminal voltage is lower, the internal resistance is larger (12V old battery The internal resistance is above 0.085Ω). If the new and old batteries are mixed in series, then in the state of charge, the charging voltage at both ends of the old battery will be higher than the charging voltage at both ends of the new battery. As a result, the new battery is not fully charged and the old battery is already charged too high; Because the charge capacity of the new battery is larger than the charge capacity of the old battery, the result is that the old battery is over-discharged, and even the old battery is reversed. Therefore, the battery must not be mixed with new and old.
In addition, batteries of different charge capacities cannot be mixed in series, because when two batteries having different charge capacities are used in series, the batteries with small charge capacity are often overcharged or discharged, and the service life is shortened.
1.4 Diesel battery battery cell damage continues to be used
Because diesel engine compression is relatively large, the required starting torque is also large, so the general diesel engine is started with 24V voltage to increase the specific power of the starter, but the generator and the whole vehicle electrical equipment still use 12V voltage, so the diesel vehicle The circuit is equipped with a voltage conversion switch. When starting, the transfer switch connects two 12V batteries in series and supplies power at 24V. In the non-starting state, the transfer switch restores the two batteries to parallel operation to meet the needs of 12V voltage. However, when one of the batteries is damaged, some drivers will short-circuit them and continue to use them. This will cause a large discharge current and charging current due to the unequal voltage of the two battery terminals, resulting in damage to the battery and generator. Therefore, the battery compartment on the diesel vehicle should be replaced or repaired immediately after the battery compartment is damaged, and the single battery should not be short-circuited and continue to be used.
1.5 ignoring the venting hole
The battery generates hydrogen and oxygen during charging and discharging, especially when overcharged, water is electrolyzed to generate a large amount of hydrogen and oxygen. The vents on the battery filler cap are used to dissipate these gases. Usually, if the vent hole is ignored, the vent hole is blocked, and the heat and gas generated by the battery during the chemical reaction cannot be dissipated, which will cause the internal temperature and pressure of the battery to rise continuously, eventually causing the battery to explode. Therefore, in routine maintenance, care should be taken to clear the vent hole to prevent dirt from clogging the vent hole.
2. Power supply main switch use error
2.1 The main power switch is installed on the live side of the battery
Some domestic cars are not equipped with a main power switch at the factory. For safety and convenience, some drivers and maintenance personnel have installed a manual power main switch, but mistakenly installed the main power switch on the live end of the battery, because most of the car's power supply is negative ground, so this is not only It does not play a preventive role, and it will trigger new insecurities.
2.2 blindly install the main power switch of the EFI car
Some drivers add a power main switch to the EFI car for safety reasons. This is very harmful. Because the car is equipped with a computer, the power supply voltage is very strict, and the battery can store electric energy in the circuit, and can absorb the surge voltage and the pulse high voltage in the circuit. If the main switch of the power supply is in poor contact, the computer will be damaged due to the instantaneous high voltage, and once the power supply, the main switch, the computer memory, the electronic clock, etc. will be lost.
2.3 blindly cut off the main power switch
The main power switch on some cars controls the on and off of all powered devices. During the operation of the car, once the electrical equipment or line fails, the main power switch can be quickly cut off to avoid the fault. However, some maintenance personnel suddenly cut off the main power switch when the generator is in normal operation, in an attempt to judge whether the generator generates insufficient power and whether the charging system is faulty. Because the battery is like a low internal resistance, large charge capacity capacitor and filter in the electrical system. When the charging system is working normally, it can absorb and suppress the overvoltage that may occur in the alternator. If the battery is suddenly cut off and the generator is still working, the current in the charging circuit will be abrupt, and it will be in the generator armature winding. Inductively generates a transient high voltage. At this time, because there is no battery to suppress the transient, the transient high voltage will be given to the electrical equipment on the car, especially to the electronic devices such as transistors and integrated circuits used as new technologies for automobiles. Come to a greater hazard.
3. Electrolyte density, liquid level inspection and adjustment misunderstanding
3.1 Electrolyte density "Ningda is not small"
Some drivers believe that the higher the electrolyte density, the lower the discharge degree of the battery, the higher the terminal voltage of the battery, the larger the charge capacity, and the winter electrolyte can be prevented from freezing and the battery can be frozen, thus adjusting the electrolysis. In the liquid density, not only the density of the original electrolyte is higher than the specified value, but also the addition of distilled water in normal use is also customary to add some electrolytes of different densities, resulting in higher and higher electrolyte density. In fact, this approach is very wrong.
Electrolyte density is an important indicator to measure the discharge degree of the battery. It is based on the premise that the original electrolyte density has been determined. Adding different density electrolytes means only increasing the density of the original electrolyte, even if the measured electrolyte density. Higher is not to say that the degree of discharge is low; increasing the density of the electrolyte can increase the voltage and charge capacity of the battery. Relatively speaking, increasing the density of the electrolyte can increase the electromotive force of the battery and increase its terminal voltage and charge capacity. On the other hand, if the electrolyte density is too large, the viscosity of the electrolyte increases, and the internal resistance increases, which reduces the permeability of the electrolyte, which in turn causes the voltage and charge capacity of the battery to decrease, and the electrolyte density is too large, which may cause the plate to vulcanize and A variety of problems, such as separator corrosion, reduce battery life.
3.2 Ignore the inspection of the electrolyte level
The battery electrolyte level should be checked regularly. If the amount of electrolyte is insufficient, the upper plate will be vulcanized by contact with air, which will reduce the charge capacity of the battery and shorten its service life. Generally, it is checked once in the winter for half a month. In summer, high temperature water is easy to evaporate and should be checked once a week. The liquid level of the electrolyte is generally 10mm-15mm higher than the plate protection net. Most of the batteries now have the upper and lower limits of the electrolyte liquid level on the outer casing, so the electrolyte liquid level can be within the specified range. For the maintenance-free batteries that are widely used at present, although it is not necessary to add distilled water during use, the liquid level of the electrolyte should be checked in conjunction with regular maintenance of the vehicle. If it does not meet the requirements, it should be adjusted.
3.3 electrolyte liquid level "Ning high not low"
Some drivers often use the wrong method of “Ning Gao not low†when filling the battery with electrolyte or adding distilled water. The electrolyte level is too high. During the running of the vehicle, the electrolyte easily leaks from the vent hole and corrodes the pole, resulting in poor contact or early damage of the pole. The electrolyte accumulated on the battery cover connects the positive and negative columns to form a circuit, causing the battery to discharge itself. At the same time, the electrolyte liquid level is too high, which will cause the internal pressure of the battery to be too large. In severe cases, the battery will explode.
3.4 Add distilled water ad libitum
In the routine maintenance of the battery, when the electrolyte is insufficient, distilled water should generally be added. However, sometimes the electrolyte is reduced due to cracks in the battery casing or cracking of the electrolyte hole. However, some drivers often do not pay attention to distinguish between the battery casing damage or other reasons caused by electrolyte leakage or normal loss. As long as the electrolyte level is lowered, distilled water is added, resulting in a significant decrease in electrolyte density. So that the battery does not work properly. Some drivers often add distilled water after collecting the car. As a result, the added distilled water cannot be fully mixed with the original electrolyte of the battery, so that it is easy to cause the battery to self-discharge or damage the battery plate, and the battery may be partially frozen in severe cold regions. Phenomenon, affecting the service life of the battery. On the other hand, if distilled water is added to the battery before the vehicle is taken out, since the generator continuously charges the battery while the vehicle is running, the added distilled water can be sufficiently mixed with the original electrolyte in the battery, and the battery performance is not affected. Therefore, distilled water should be added before leaving the car, and it is not advisable to add distilled water after the car is taken.
3.5 Adding electrolyte at will
In the process of using the automobile, it is often encountered that after the battery is used for a period of time, there is a phenomenon of insufficient storage, reduced electrolyte density or lack of water. Some drivers do not understand the technical performance of the battery, and mistakenly believe that as long as the electrolyte is added, it can be restored to work. As everyone knows, this will lead to a continuous increase in the electrolyte density of the battery, which will not only increase its internal resistance, but also reduce the terminal voltage rapidly, and it will also decrease the permeability of the electrolyte and reduce the charge capacity of the battery. During use, the decrease in electrolyte density is not the consumption of sulfuric acid, but as the discharge progresses, the amount of stored electricity decreases, sulfuric acid gradually shifts to the plates, and lead sulfate is formed with the active material to reduce the density of the electrolyte. Small, the more the discharge, the lower the electrolyte density. Therefore, when the battery electrolyte density drops, the battery should be recharged in time, and do not add electrolyte at will.
4. Battery charging error
4.1 New battery does not charge initially
The first charge of the battery is called initial charge, and the initial charge has a great influence on the service life and charge capacity of the battery. If the charging is insufficient, the battery charge capacity is not high, and the service life is also short; if the battery is overcharged, the electrical performance of the battery is good, but it will shorten its service life, so the new battery should be carefully charged for initial charging. For ordinary batteries, be sure to charge initially according to the charging specification before use. For dry-charged lead-acid batteries, according to the instruction manual, if it is used within the specified two-year storage period, as long as the electrolyte of the specified density is left for 15 minutes, it can be put into use without charging. However, if the storage period is more than two years, due to partial oxidation on the electrode plate, in order to increase its charge capacity, it should be recharged before use and charged for 5h-8h.
4.2 The battery is not recharged
Some drivers often neglect to recharge the battery in use. Because the battery is not fully charged in the car, it is easy to cause the plate to vulcanize; at the same time, the charge and discharge in the use is unbalanced. If the discharge is greater than the charge and the battery is in a deficient state for a long time, the battery plate will slowly vulcanization. This chronic vulcanization will reduce the charge capacity of the battery until the start is weak, which greatly shortens the service life of the battery. In order to reduce the active material on the battery plate in time, reduce the vulcanization of the plate, increase the charge capacity of the battery, and prolong its service life, the battery in the vehicle should be periodically recharged.
4.3 Battery overcharge
The battery is often overcharged, even if the charging current is not large, but the electrolyte is "boiling" for a long time, except that the fine particles on the surface of the active material are easily detached, and the grid is excessively oxidized, causing the active material and the grid to loosely peel off.
4.4 Polarity reversal during charging
Due to the different materials of the positive and negative plates of the battery, in addition to the active material, the negative plate is also added with materials such as barium sulfate, humic acid, carbon black and rosin to prevent shrinkage and oxidation of the negative plate. In addition, the number of negative plates of each single cell is always one more than the number of positive plates, and the negative plate is slightly thinner than the positive plate. When the battery is initially charged or recharged, if the polarity is not paid attention to, the battery will be reversed, and the positive and negative electrodes will almost become coarse crystal PbSO4, resulting in insufficient battery charge capacity, normal operation, and even battery. scrapped. Therefore, you must pay attention to the polarity when charging, and must not reversing the polarity.
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